XIAO Fan; WANG Xiaowei; WANG Li; WANG Jiacan; SUN Xu; ZHENG Zhigang; FAN Xiaohui; ZHANG Dongwen; ZHAO Zengxiu

doi:10.7498/aps.74.20250135

Abstract
The spatial chirp based single-shot pump-probe technique represents a pivotal technology for studying electron non-equilibrium dynamics in warm dense matter created with intense laser pulses. Notably, its time resolution can reach tens of femtoseconds. In this work, we introduce the single-shot measurement technique of ac conductivity of warm dense matter, as well as a detailed account of the experimental setup. In addition, the main factors limiting the time resolution of the system are discussed in depth. We show the system can achieve a resolution of 13.8 femtoseconds. Nevertheless, during practical application, several aspects, namely the calibration of the zero-delay, the depth of field of the imaging system, and the low-pass filtering effect inherent in the imaging system, will exert a substantial influence on the time-resolution. This research has important reference for enhancing the time accuracy of single-shot measurement of ac conductivity of warm dense matter. Moreover, it serves as a potent tool for the in-depth study of the ultrafast dynamic processes of materials under strong-field conditions.

Keywords:
warm dense matter /

single-shot pump-probe measurement /

spatial chirp /

ac conductivity
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系统物理量	误差来源	依赖关系	典型值
系统时间分辨率$ \Delta \tau $	泵浦光脉宽$ {\tau }_{1} $	$ \Delta \tau =\sqrt{{\tau }_{1}^{2}+{\tau }_{2}^{2}+{\left(\chi {{\Delta }}x\right)}^{2}} $	$ {\tau }_{1}=9.7{\mathrm{f}}{\mathrm{s}}; {\tau }_{2}=5{\mathrm{f}}{\mathrm{s}} $ $ \chi =2.1{\mathrm{ }}{\mathrm{f}}{\mathrm{s}}/\text{μm} $, $ \Delta x=4\text{μm} $ $ \Delta \tau =13.8{\mathrm{f}}{\mathrm{s}} $
	探测光脉宽$ {\tau }_{2} $
	成像系统分辨率$ \Delta x $
延时零点标定误差$ \Delta {\tau }_{0} $	融石英片厚度$ L $	$ \Delta {\tau }_{0}\left[{\mathrm{f}}{\mathrm{s}}\right]\approx 0.42 L\left[\text{μm}\right] $	$ L=30\text{ μm} $ $ \Delta {\tau }_{0}=12.7\;{\mathrm{f}}{\mathrm{s}} $
透射延时零点定位误差$ \Delta {\tau }_{0 T} $	成像定位精度$ d $	$ {\Delta \tau }_{0 T}\left[{\mathrm{f}}{\mathrm{s}}\right]\approx -0.72 d\left[\text{μm}\right] $,	$ d=35\text{ μm} $ $ \Delta {\tau }_{0 T}=25.2{\mathrm{f}}{\mathrm{s}} $
反射延时零点定位误差$ \Delta {\tau }_{0 R} $	成像定位精度$ d $	$ {\Delta \tau }_{0 R}\left[{\mathrm{f}}{\mathrm{s}}\right]\approx 0.038 d\left[\text{μm}\right] $	$ d=35\text{ μm} $ $ \Delta {\tau }_{0 T}=1.33{\mathrm{f}}{\mathrm{s}} $
动力学突变的时间分辨率$ \Delta {\tau }_{{\mathrm{f}}} $	成像系统数值孔径$ {\mathrm{N}}{\mathrm{A}} $	$ \Delta {\tau }_{{\mathrm{f}}}\propto \dfrac{1}{{\mathrm{N}}{\mathrm{A}}} $	$ {\mathrm{N}}{\mathrm{A}}=0.1 $ $ \Delta {\tau }_{{\mathrm{f}}} > 20{\mathrm{f}}{\mathrm{s}} $

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