XIE Jinchen; TAO Xi; XU Ruirui; TIAN Yuan; XING Kang; GE Zhigang; NIU Yifei

doi:10.7498/aps.74.20241775

Abstract

The (γ, n) cross-section is important in nuclear engineering transport calculations. The measurements of the (γ, n) reaction for some isotopes show significant discrepancies among different laboratories. Since the analysis of experimental data is the primary task in the evaluation of nuclear data, identifying the measured outlier data is crucial for improving the quality of nuclear data. Therefore, a variational autoencoder (VAE) method is used in this work to analyze experimental measurements of (γ, n) cross sections for nuclear mass ranging from 29 to 207, in order to provide more reliable experimental information for evaluating nuclear data.According to the proton number Z and nuclear mass A, we design a variational autoencoder network for outlier identification in the measurement of (γ, n). The silhouette coefficient method and K-means algorithm are used to cluster the latent variables of VAE. Subsequently, the experimental data with and without the outliers are compared with those from the IAEA-2019-PD to assess the VAE in its application to the evaluation of photoneutron measurements.The results demonstrate that the VAE can effectively identify outliers in the measurements of (γ, n). After excluding outliers, the (γ, n) cross-section for $^{54}\text{Fe}$, $^{63}\text{Cu}$, $^{181}\text{Ta}$, $^{206}\text{Pb}$, and $^{207}\text{Pb}$ showed higher consistency with the IAEA-2019-PD evaluation results. However, $^{29}\text{Si}$ and $^{141}\text{Pr}$ still deviate from the IAEA-2019-PD evaluation results, therefore requiring more analyses of the measurements themselves in future.The VAE method can effectively identify outliers and extract the latent structures in experimental data of (γ, n) reaction. It provides more reliable experimental information for evaluating nuclear data and validating the potential application of this method in nuclear data research. However, the generalizability of VAE method still needs further developing, especially in addressing the issues of uneven energy distribution for various measurements.

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Authors and contacts

Corresponding author: XU Ruirui, xuruirui@ciae.ac.cn ; NIU Yifei, niuyf@lzu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos. 2022YFA1602403, 2021YFA1601500), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 12005303, 12075104), the Key Laboratory Key Project, China (Grant No. JCKY2023201C153-5), and the Continuous Support for Basic Scientific Research Project, China (Grant No. BJ010261223282).

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Cited By

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核素	年份	第一作者	机构所属国家	机构	光源	能量区间	能点数	参考文献
$^{29}\text{Si}$	1973	K.Fukuda	日本	Radiation Centre of Osaka Prefecture	Bremsstrahlung	8.46—13.19	20	[23]
	1981	R.E.Pywell	澳大利亚	University of Melbourne	Bremsstrahlung	8.09—16.09	162	[24]
	1987	K.G.Mcneill	加拿大	University of Toronto	Annihilation radiation	9.52—18.71	29	[25]
$^{54}\text{Fe}$	1977	B.S.Ratner	俄罗斯	Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences	Bremsstrahlung	16.00—26.50	43	[26]
	1951	L.Katz	加拿大	University of Saskatchewan	Bremsstrahlung	14.00—24.00	11	[27]
	1978	J.W.Norbury	澳大利亚	University of Melbourne	Bremsstrahlung	12.13—23.00	57	[28]
$^{63}\text{Cu}$	2012	C.Plaisir	法国	Centre d’Etudes Nucleaires de Bordeaux-Gradignan	Bremsstrahlung	11.00—19.00	81	[29]
	1968	R.E.Sund	美国	Gulf General Atomic	Annihilation radiation	10.12—25.06	66	[30]
	1979	L.Z.Dzhilavyan	俄罗斯	Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences	Annihilation radiation	12.10—24.20	14	[31]
	1954	A.I.Berman	美国	Stanford University	Bremsstrahlung	13.00—29.00	9	[32]
	1951	L.Katz	加拿大	University of Saskatchewan	Bremsstrahlung	11.00—21.00	11	[27]
	1955	M.B.Scott	美国	University of Illinois	Bremsstrahlung	11.00—21.00	11	[33]
	1968	D.G.Owen	澳大利亚	University of Melbourne	Bremsstrahlung	10.80—23.60	129	[34]
	1951	P.R.Byerly Jr	美国	University of Pennsylvania	Bremsstrahlung	12.00—24.00	13	[35]
	1984	M.N.Martins	美国	National Institute of Standards and Technology	Virtual photons	11.00—30.00	5	[36]
$^{141}\text{Pr}$	1970	R.E.Sund	美国	Gulf General Atomic	—	8.89—23.69	100	[37]
	2006	H.Utsunomiya	日本	Konan University	Compton scattering	9.50—12.40	9	[38]
	1966	B.C.Cook	美国	Iowa State University	Bremsstrahlung	9.19—64.68	113	[39]
	1991	S.N.Belyaev	俄罗斯	Saratov Gosudarstvennyi University	Bremsstrahlung	7.98—23.52	185	[40]
$^{181}\text{Ta}$	1985	S.N.Belyaev	俄罗斯	Saratov Gosudarstvennyi University	Bremsstrahlung	7.68—11.63	80	[41]
	1951	L.Katz	加拿大	University of Saskatchewan	Bremsstrahlung	9.00—18.00	10	[27]
	2003	H.Utsunomiya	日本	Konan University	Compton scattering	7.80—12.00	13	[42]
	2006	S.Goko	日本	Konan University	Laser Compton scatteringon Scattered Photons	9.20—12.30	6	[43]
$^{206}\text{Pb}$	2012	T.Kondo	日本	Konan University	Laser Compton scatteringon Scattered Photons	8.14—12.24	11	[44]
	1985	S.N.Belyaev	俄罗斯	Saratov Gosudarstvennyi University	Bremsstrahlung	8.10—12.35	88	[41]
	1995	Y.Birenbaum	以色列	Ben Gurion University of the Negev	Monoenergetic photons	8.88—11.39	4	[45]
$^{207}\text{Pb}$	1995	Y.Birenbaum	以色列	Ben Gurion University of the Negev	Monoenergetic photons	7.37—9.72	5	[45]
	2012	T.Kondo	日本	Konan University	Laser Compton scatteringon Scattered Photons	6.84—12.22	14	[44]
	1985	S.N.Belyaev	俄罗斯	Saratov Gosudarstvennyi University	Bremsstrahlung	6.77—11.18	95	[41]

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Vol. 74, Issue 8 - 2025-04-20

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