In recent years, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based nanofiber membranes, as key materials for applications in sensors, energy harvesters, and flexible electronics, have received significant attention due to their excellent piezoelectric properties. However, the research on the piezoelectric performance of PVDF membranes is still limited because of their intrinsic structure and material characteristics. Therefore, in this work, the effects of filler doping on the properties of PVDF nanofiber membranes are investigated to enhance their piezoelectric performance and stability. Using electrospinning technology, electret particles are incorporated into PVDF nanofiber membranes at different concentrations (e.g. 1%, 1.5%, and 2%). Characterization tests of the composite nanofiber membranes, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), reveal that the doping of electret particles can increase the average fiber diameter and enhance the β-phase content. In the piezoelectric performance tests, the piezoelectric sensors made of nanofiber membranes doped with electric particles show significant improvement in electrical output at a test pressure of 20 N. Furthermore, increasing the membrane area and using higher pressure can further enhance the electrical output. These results show that the piezoelectric properties of PVDF membranes can be effectively improved by appropriately doping electric particles. Stability tests carried out three months after sensor was fabricated shows that the electrical output stability of the piezoelectric sensors containing electric particles has been significantly improved. Additionally, an efficient signal processing method is proposed, with an FIR digital low-pass filter used to remove high-frequency noise. This method is not only a smoothing prior method to eliminate baseline drift, but also an improved AMPD algorithm to accurately detect the peak position and features of the piezoelectric signal. This method can significantly enhance the stability and accuracy of signal feature extraction. All in all, this study presents a simple and effective approach to improving the piezoelectric performance and electrical output stability of PVDF nanofiber membranes through the combination of filler doping and electrospinning technology. This method not only optimizes the performance of PVDF-based composites but also provides new insights into and technical support for their broad applications in energy collection, smart sensors, flexible electronic devices, and other fields.
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