Ultra-high vacuum measurement based on <sup>7</sup>Li cold atoms manipulation

Cheng Yong-Jun; Dong Meng; Sun Wen-Jun; Wu Xiang-Min; Zhang Ya-Fei; Jia Wen-Jie; Feng Cun; Zhang Rui-Fang

doi:10.7498/aps.73.20241215

Abstract

The redefinition of the International System of Units (SI) promotes the transformation of the vacuum measurement system toward quantization, and the quantization of vacuum parameters is one of the most leading, prospective and subversive research directions in the field of international vacuum metrology, and the quantum vacuum measurement is based on the quantum effect of the microscopic particle system, and the use of optical means and the theory of quantum mechanics to realize the precision measurement of the vacuum parameters. We develop a lithium-cooled atom vacuum measurement apparatus, which mainly consists of a ⁷Li atom trap system and a continuous expansion vacuum system. In this work, an experimental study of ultrahigh vacuum measurement is carried out by manipulating ⁷Li atoms and utilizing the loss characteristics of lithium cold atoms in magneto-optical and magnetic traps, and the results show that for the four commonly used gas molecules in vacuum, namely N₂, Ar, He, and H₂, in the vacuum range of (3×10^–8–4×10^–5) Pa, the maximum measurement uncertainty is 7.6%–6.0% (k = 2) based on ⁷Li cold atoms, and the cold atom vacuum measurement results are in good agreement with those of the traditional ionization vacuum gauges, and their relative sensitivities are in good agreement with those of the ionization vacuum gauges, and the maximal deviation of the relative sensitivity factor is less than 8%, which verifies the accuracy and reliability of the cold-atom quantum vacuum measurements. The research results are of great significance in promoting the development of new cross-generation vacuum measurement technology and meeting the needs of space science exploration, ultra-precision measurement and high-end equipment manufacturing.

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Authors and contacts

Corresponding author: Dong Meng, dongmeng1313@163.com

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 62371214).

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碰撞体系	第一性原理测量值 k_loss/(10^–15·m³·s^–1)	半经典理论计算值 k_loss/(10^–15·m³·s^–1)
⁷Li-N₂	1.36	0.27
⁷Li-Ar	1.21	0.059
⁷Li-He	1.04	1.29
⁷Li-H₂	1.56	2.12

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气体	冷原子校准结果	文献[28]	文献[29]	文献[30]
N₂	1	1	1	1
Ar	1.51	1.41	1.529	1.42
He	0.17	0.163	0.18	0.179
H₂	0.37	0.389	—	—

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不确定度来源	评定方法	不确定度分量
损失率不确定度$ {u_{\text{r}}}({\varGamma _{{\text{loss}}}}) $	A类	10^–8 Pa	0.03%@N₂; 0.02%@Ar
		10^–7 Pa	0.07%@N₂;0.05%@Ar;0.05%@He;0.04%@H₂
		10^–6 Pa	0.04%@N₂; 0.1%@Ar; 0.02%@He;0.04%@H₂
		10^–5 Pa	0.06%@N₂;0.04%@Ar;0.07%@He;0.08%@H₂
	B类	0.6%
损失率不确定度$ {u_{\text{r}}}({\varGamma _{{\text{MT}}}}) $	A类	1.6%@N₂; 1.7%@Ar; 1.5%@He; 1.5%@H₂
损失率不确定度$ {u_{\text{r}}}({\varGamma _{{\text{MT}}}}) $	B类	0.6%
损失率不确定度$ {u_{\text{r}}}({\varGamma _{{\text{MOT}}}}) $	A类	0.05%@N₂; 0.07%@Ar; 0.09%@He; 0.06%@H₂
损失率不确定度$ {u_{\text{r}}}({\varGamma _{{\text{MOT}}}}) $	B类	0.6%
损失率系数不确定度$ {u_{\text{r}}}({k_{{\text{tot}}}}) $	—	0.8%@N₂; 0.3%@Ar; 2.4%@He; 1.9%@H₂
玻尔兹曼常数不确定度$ {u_{\text{r}}}({k_{\text{B}}}) $	—	忽略不计
气体分子温度不确定度$ {u_{\text{r}}}(T) $	B类	0.3%
本底真空波动不确定度$ {u_{\text{r}}}(w) $	A类	10^–8 Pa	2.5%@N₂; 2.5%@Ar; 2.0%@He; 2.7%@H₂
		10^–7 Pa	0.5%@N₂; 0.7%@Ar; 0.6%@He; 0.8%@H₂
		10^–6 Pa	0.07%@N₂;0.07%@Ar;0.08%@He;0.1%@H₂
		10^–5 Pa	忽略不计
合成标准不确定度		10^–8 Pa	3.3%@N₂; 3.2%@Ar; 3.6%@He;3.8%@H₂
		10^–7 Pa	2.2%@N₂; 2.2%@Ar; 3.1%@He;2.8%@H₂
		10^–6 Pa	2.1%@N₂; 2.0%@Ar; 3.0%@He;2.7%@H₂
		10^–5 Pa	2.1%@N₂; 2.0%@Ar;3.0%@He; 2.7%@H₂

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