Experimental and theoretical research progress of 2P1/2 – 2P3/2 transitions of highly charged boron-like ions

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Abstract

The precise measurement of the fine structure and radiative transition properties of highly charged ions (HCI) is essential for testing fundamental physical models, including strong-field quantum electrodynamics (QED) effects, electron correlation effects, relativistic effects, and nuclear effects. These measurements also provide critical atomic physics parameters for astrophysics and fusion plasma physics. Compared with the extensively studied hydrogen-like and lithium-like ion systems, boron-like ions exhibit significant contributions in terms of relativistic and QED effects in their fine structure forbidden transitions. High-precision experimental measurements and theoretical calculations of these systems provide important avenues for further testing fundamental physical models in multi-electron systems. Additionally, boron-like ions are considered promising candidates for HCI optical clocks. This paper presents the latest advancements in experimental and theoretical research on the ground state ²P _3/2— ²P _1/2transition in boron-like ions, and summarizes the current understanding of their fine and hyperfine structures. It also discusses a proposed experimental setup for measuring the hyperfine splitting of boron-like ions by using an electron beam ion trap combined with high-resolution spectroscopy. This proposal aims to provide a reference for future experimental research on the hyperfine splitting of boron-like ions, to test the QED effects with higher precision, extract the radius of nuclear magnetization distribution, and validate relevant nuclear structure models.

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Corresponding author:Xiao Jun,xiao_jun@fudan.edu.cn

Funds:Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2022YFA1602504) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 12374228, 12393824, 12474250).

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Cited By

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名称	年份	国家	能量/keV	束流/mA/	磁场/T	参考文献
Super EBIT	1986	美国	10—200	150	3	[79]
EBIT-II	1993	美国	30	200	3	[80]
NIST EBIT	1993	美国	33	200	3	[81]
Oxford EBIT	1993	英国	0.7—50	200	2.8	[82]
Berlin EBIT	1997	德国	40	200	3	[83]
Tokyo EBIT	1996	日本	180	330	5	[84]
Heidelberg EBIT	2000	德国	100	535	8	[85]
Shanghai EBIT	2005	中国	130	160	5	[86]
Stockholm EBIT	2007	瑞典	27	150	3	[87]
TITAN EBIT	2007	加拿大	27	500		[88]
CoBIT	2008	日本	0.1—1	10	0.2	[89]
SH-PermEBIT	2012	中国	0.06—5	10.2	0.48	[73]
SH-HtscEBIT	2013	中国	0.03—4	10	0.25	[74]
HC-EBIT	2018	德国	10	80	0.86	[90]
SW-EBIT	2019	中国	0.03—4	9	0.21	[77]

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离子	跃迁能量/eV	参考文献	离子	跃迁能量/eV	参考文献
N²⁺	0.02157(13)	[6]	⁴⁰Ar¹³⁺	2.8090135821306312(5)	[12]
O³⁺	0.04786(13)	[6]	³⁶Ar¹³⁺	2.8090058148895724(5)	[12]
F⁴⁺	0.0924(4)	[6]	K¹⁴⁺	3.5963(31)	[6]
Ne⁵⁺	0.1623(5)	[6]	Ca¹⁵⁺	4.5397(37)	[6]
Na⁶⁺	0.2652(8)	[6]	Sc¹⁶⁺	5.6583(4)	[6]
Mg⁷⁺	0.4094(3)	[6]	Ti¹⁷⁺	6.9732(4)	[56]
Al⁸⁺	0.6063(13)	[6]	V¹⁸⁺	8.5061(50)	[6]
Si⁹⁺	0.8665(3)	[6]	Cr¹⁹⁺	10.2815(17)	[56]
P¹⁰⁺	1.202(2)	[6]	Mn²⁰⁺	12.3100(12)	[6]
S¹¹⁺	1.628860(6)	[55]	Fe²¹⁺	14.6640(35)	[56]
Cl¹²⁺	2.158835(10)	[55]	Ni²³⁺	20.3286(68)	[56]
			Cu²⁴⁺	23.7154(93)	[56]

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离子	精度	类型	年份	实验装置	跃迁能级	结果
²⁰⁹Bi⁸²⁺	1.6×10^–4	类氢	1994	ESR	(1s_1/2)_{F=4, 5}	243.87(4) nm^[21]
¹⁶⁵Ho⁶⁶⁺	2.6×10^–4	类氢	1996	SuperEBIT	(1s_1/2)_{F=3, 4}	572.61(15) nm^[25]
¹⁸⁵Re⁷⁴⁺ ¹⁸⁷Re⁷⁴⁺	6.6×10^–4	类氢	1998	SuperEBIT	(1s_1/2)_{F=2, 3}	456.05(30) nm^[26] 451.69(30) nm^[26]
²⁰⁹Bi⁸⁰⁺	3.1×10^–2	类锂	1998	SuperEBIT	(1s²2s_1/2)_{F=4, 5}	0.820(26) eV^[29]
²⁰⁷Pb⁸¹⁺	1.9×10^–4	类氢	1998	ESR	(1s_1/2)_{F=0, 1}	1019.7(2) nm^[27]
²⁰³Tl⁸⁰⁺	8.9×10^–5	类氢	2001	SuperEBIT	(1s_1/2)_{F=0, 1}	385.822(30) nm^[28]
²⁰⁵Tl⁸⁰⁺	8.9×10^–5	类氢	2001	SuperEBIT	(1s_1/2)_{F=0, 1}	382.184(34) nm^[28]
Sc¹⁸⁺	1.3×10^–2	类锂	2008	ESR	(1s²2s_1/2)_{F=3, 4}	0.00620(8) eV^[30]
¹⁴¹Pr⁵⁶⁺	6.1×10^–3	类锂	2014	SuperEBIT	(1s²2s_1/2)_{F=2, 3}	0.1965(12) eV^[31]
¹⁴¹Pr⁵⁶⁺	1.7×10^–2	类锂			(1s²2p_1/2)_{F=2, 3}	0.0640(11) eV^[31]
¹⁴¹Pr⁵⁵⁺	9.4×10^–3	类铍			(1s²2s_1/22p_1/2)_{F=5/2, 7/2}	0.1494(14) eV^[31]
	1.8×10^–2				(1s²2s_1/22p_1/2)_{F=3/2, 5/2}	0.1033(19) eV^[31]
	7.1×10^–3				(1s²2s_1/22p_1/2)_{F=3/2, 7/2}	0.2531(18) eV^[31]
²⁰⁹Bi⁸²⁺	2.1×10^–4	类氢	2014	ESR	(1s_1/2)_{F=4, 5}	5.0863(11) eV^[22]
²⁰⁹Bi⁸⁰⁺	2.3×10^–4	类锂	2014	ESR	(1s²2s_1/2)_{F=4, 5}	0.79750(18) eV^[22]
²⁰⁹Bi⁸²⁺	2.4×10^–5	类氢	2015	ESR	(1s_1/2)_{F=4, 5}	243.821(6) nm^[23]
²⁰⁹Bi⁸²⁺	1.7×10^–5	类氢	2017	ESR	(1s_1/2)_{F=4, 5}	243.8221(8)(43) nm^[24]
²⁰⁹Bi⁸⁰⁺	9.0×10^–6	类锂	2017	ESR	(1s²2s_1/2)_{F=4, 5}	1554.377(4)(14) nm^[24]

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