Xu Chang; Zheng De-Xu; Dong Xin-Rui; Wu Sa-Jian; Wu Ming-Xing; Wang Kai; Liu Sheng-Zhong

doi:10.7498/aps.73.20241187

Abstract

The energy conversion efficiency of single-junction solar cells is limited by the Shockley-Queisser theory and the most effective strategy to break through this limit is to fabricate multi-junction tandem solar cells. Perovskite materials provide a continuously tunable energy band structure, offering a new option for light-absorbing materials in multi-junction tandem cells. In the field of perovskite-based multi-junction tandem solar cells, triple-junction tandem solar cells have demonstrated great potential. The present paper introduces the configuration of triple-junction solar cells and its facing three scientific challenges. 1) Ensuring energy level alignment among sub-cells is a critical concern for three-junction batteries. Specifically, the top wide-band gap sub-cell must possess a band gap ranging from 1.8 to 2.2 eV; however, current perovskite material systems with wide-band gaps exhibit certain defects. 2) It is essential to achieve current matching in multi-junction tandem solar cells while optimizing the absorption layer and minimizing parasitic absorption in order to maximize the current output of solar cells. 3) The functional layers of multi-junction tandem solar cells are stacked sequentially using different deposition methods, which imposes higher compatibility requirements on the intermediate interconnect layers. Subsequently, the research progress of perovskite-based triple-junction tandem solar cells is introduced, including perovskite/perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells, perovskite/perovskite/organic tandem solar cells, and all-perovskite tandem solar cells. Their respective highest efficiencies are 19.4%, 23.87%, and 27.1%. Finally, this paper explores the research directions for further improving the performance of triple-junction solar cells. In addition to improving energy conversion efficiency, perovskite-based solar cells must also solve the stability problems in order to achieve future commercialization, and provide guidance for the development of efficient triple-junction cells.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

Corresponding author: Wang Kai, wangkai@dicp.ac.cn ; Liu Sheng-Zhong, szliu@dicp.ac.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2022YFE0138100) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 22279140, U20A20252, 52350710208, U21A20102, 62174103).

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Cited By

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

组分	禁带宽度/eV	开路电压/V	短路电流密度 /(mA·cm^–2)	填充因子/%	能量转换效率/%	Ref.
Cs_0.15MA_0.15FA_0.70Pb(I_0.15Br_0.85)₃	2.05	1.27	9.4	70.4	8.4	[74]
FA_0.83Cs_0.17Pb(Br_0.7I_0.3)₃	1.94	1.28	11.9	76.0	11.6	[75]
Cs_0.2FA_0.8PbI_0.9Br_2.1	1.73	1.07	9.9	76.0	8.1	[76]
Cs_0.2FA_0.8PbI_0.9Br_2.1	1.99	1.262	11.2	73.5	10.4	[77]
Rb_0.15Cs_0.85PbI_1.75Br_1.25	2.0	1.30	12.4	84.7	13.6	[78]
Cs_0.15FA_0.85Pb(I_0.4Br_0.6)₃	1.97	1.44	12.8	83.0	15.3	[79]
CsFAPbIBr	1.8	\	\	\	\	[67]
Cs_0.2FA_0.8Pb(I_0.45Br_0.55)₃	1.90	1.09	11.7	71	9.1	[80]
MAPb(I_0.5Br_0.35Cl_0.15)₃	1.96	1.28	14.16	76.6	13.88	[69]
Cs_0.05(FA_0.55MA_0.45)_0.95Pb(I_0.55Br_0.45)₃	1.83	1.12	13.6	74.6	11.3	[81]
Cs_0.1FA_0.9PbBr_2.1I_0.9	1.98	1.38	14.0	76.6	15.0	[82]
Rb_0.05Cs_0.12FA_0.83PbI_0.95Cl_0.05Br₂	1.98	1.33	13.05	76.7	13.4	[83]
FA_0.8Cs_0.2Pb(I_0.5Br_0.5)₃	1.84	1.27	16.4	77.0	16.0	[84]
FA_0.60MA_0.15Cs_0.25Pb(I_0.45Br_0.5OCN_0.05)₃	1.93	1.422	14.18	83.79	16.9	[85]

DownLoad: CSV

类型	宽带隙	中间带隙	窄带隙	开路电压/V	短路电流密度 /(mA·cm^–2)	填充因子/%	正扫/反扫效率/%	认证效率/%	面积 /cm²	Ref.
钙钛矿/ 钙钛矿/ 有机	Cs_0.15MA_0.15FA_0.70Pb (I_0.15Br_0.85)₃ (2.05 eV)	Cs_0.15MA_0.15FA_0.70Pb (I_0.85Br_0.15)₃ (1.62 eV)	PM6:BTP-eC9:PCBM (1.33 eV)	3.03	9.1	70.4	19.4	\	0.1	[74]
钙钛矿/ 钙钛矿/ 有机	Cs_0.15MA_0.15FA_0.70Pb (I_0.15Br_0.85)₃ (2.05 eV)	Cs_0.15MA_0.15FA_0.70Pb (I_0.85Br_0.15)₃ (1.62 eV)	PM6:BTP-eC9:PCBM (1.33 eV)	\	\	\	19.2	\	0.1	[74]
钙钛矿/ 钙钛矿/ 钙钛矿	FA_0.83Cs_0.17Pb(Br_0.7I_0.3)₃ (1.94 eV)	MAPbI₃ (1.57 eV)	MAPb_0.75Sn_0.25I₃ (1.34 eV)	2.7	8.3	0.43	6.7	\	0.092	[75]
	FA_0.83Cs_0.17Pb(Br_0.7I_0.3)₃ (1.94 eV)	MAPbI₃ (1.57 eV)	MAPb_0.75Sn_0.25I₃ (1.34 eV)	\	\	\	\	\	0.092	[75]
	Cs_0.1(FA_0.66MA_0.34)_0.9 PbI₂Br (1.73 eV)	FA_0.66MA_0.34 PbI_2.85Br_0.15 (1.57 eV)	FA_0.66MA_0.34 Pb_0.5Sn_0.5I₃ (1.23eV)	2.78	7.4	81	17.3	\	0.067	[76]
	Cs_0.1(FA_0.66MA_0.34)_0.9 PbI₂Br (1.73 eV)	FA_0.66MA_0.34 PbI_2.85Br_0.15 (1.57 eV)	FA_0.66MA_0.34 Pb_0.5Sn_0.5I₃ (1.23eV)	2.78	7.42	82	17.0	\	0.067	[76]
	Cs_0.2FA_0.8PbI_0.9Br_2.1 (1.99 eV)	Cs_0.05FA_0.95Pb I_2.55Br_0.45 (1.60 eV)	MA_0.3FA_0.7Pb_0.5 Sn_0.5I₃ (1.22 eV)	2.80	8.8	81	20.1	\	0.049	[77]
	Cs_0.2FA_0.8PbI_0.9Br_2.1 (1.99 eV)	Cs_0.05FA_0.95Pb I_2.55Br_0.45 (1.60 eV)	MA_0.3FA_0.7Pb_0.5 Sn_0.5I₃ (1.22 eV)	2.793	8.8	80.7	19.9	\	0.049	[77]
	Rb_0.15Cs_0.85PbI_1.75Br_1.25 (2.0 eV)	Cs_0.05FA_0.9MA_0.05Pb (I_0.9Br_0.1)₃ (1.60 eV)	Cs_0.05FA_0.7MA_0.25Pb_0.5 Sn_0.5I₃-0.05SnF₂ (1.22 eV)	3.215	9.71	77.93	24.33	23.29	0.049	[78]
	Rb_0.15Cs_0.85PbI_1.75Br_1.25 (2.0 eV)	Cs_0.05FA_0.9MA_0.05Pb (I_0.9Br_0.1)₃ (1.60 eV)	Cs_0.05FA_0.7MA_0.25Pb_0.5 Sn_0.5I₃-0.05SnF₂ (1.22 eV)	3.210	9.63	78.67	24.32	23.29	0.049	[78]
	Cs_0.15FA_0.85Pb(I_0.4Br_0.6)₃ (1.97 eV)	Cs_0.05FA_0.9MA_0.05Pb (I_0.85Br_0.15)₃ (1.77 eV)	Cs_0.05FA_0.7MA_0.25 Pb_0.5Sn_0.5I₃ (1.22 eV)	3.33	9.7	78	25.1	23.87	0.049	[79]
	Cs_0.15FA_0.85Pb(I_0.4Br_0.6)₃ (1.97 eV)	Cs_0.05FA_0.9MA_0.05Pb (I_0.85Br_0.15)₃ (1.77 eV)	Cs_0.05FA_0.7MA_0.25 Pb_0.5Sn_0.5I₃ (1.22 eV)	\	\	\	\	23.87	0.049	[79]
钙钛矿/ 钙钛矿/ 硅	CsFAPbIBr (1.8 eV)	CsFAPbIBr (1.53 eV)	Si (1.10 eV)	2.688	7.7	68.0	14.0	\	1.42	[67]
	CsFAPbIBr (1.8 eV)	CsFAPbIBr (1.53 eV)	Si (1.10 eV)	2.692	7.7	58.7	12.1	\	1.42	[67]
	Cs_0.2FA_0.8Pb(I_0.45Br_0.55)₃ (1.90 eV)	Cs_0.1FA_0.9PbI₃ (1.55 eV)	Si (1.10 eV)	2.74	8.54	86.0	20.1	\	1.03	[80]
	Cs_0.2FA_0.8Pb(I_0.45Br_0.55)₃ (1.90 eV)	Cs_0.1FA_0.9PbI₃ (1.55 eV)	Si (1.10 eV)	\	\	\	\	\	1.03	[80]
	MAPb(I_0.5Br_0.35Cl_0.15)₃ (1.96 eV)	Cs_0.2MA_0.05FA_0.75PbI₃ (1.56 eV)	Si (1.10 eV)	2.78	10.18	78.60	22.23	\	0.1875	[69]
	MAPb(I_0.5Br_0.35Cl_0.15)₃ (1.96 eV)	Cs_0.2MA_0.05FA_0.75PbI₃ (1.56 eV)	Si (1.10 eV)	2.78	10.19	76.90	21.79	\	0.1875	[69]
	Cs_0.05(FA_0.55MA_0.45)_0.95 Pb(I_0.55Br_0.45)₃ (1.83 eV)	Cs_0.05(FA_0.9MA_0.1)_0.95Pb (I_0.95Br_0.05)₃ (1.56 eV)	Si (1.10 eV)	2.87	8.9	78.1	20.1	\	1.0	[81]
	Cs_0.05(FA_0.55MA_0.45)_0.95 Pb(I_0.55Br_0.45)₃ (1.83 eV)	Cs_0.05(FA_0.9MA_0.1)_0.95Pb (I_0.95Br_0.05)₃ (1.56 eV)	Si (1.10 eV)	2.86	8.9	77.9	20.0	\	1.0	[81]
	Cs_0.1FA_0.9PbBr_2.1I_0.9 (1.98 eV)	Rb_0.05Cs_0.1FA_0.85PbI₃ (1.52 eV)	Si (1.10 eV)	3.04	11.9	72.9	26.4	\	1.0	[82]
	Cs_0.1FA_0.9PbBr_2.1I_0.9 (1.98 eV)	Rb_0.05Cs_0.1FA_0.85PbI₃ (1.52 eV)	Si (1.10 eV)	3.01	11.9	71.1	25.5	\	1.0	[82]
	Rb_0.05Cs_0.12FA_0.83PbI_0.95 Cl_0.05Br₂ (1.98 eV)	Cs_0.05(FA_0.98MA_0.02)_0.95Pb (I_0.98Br_0.02)₃ (1.55 eV)	Si (1.10 eV)	2.995	11.76	70.80	25.0	24.19	1.04	[83]
	Rb_0.05Cs_0.12FA_0.83PbI_0.95 Cl_0.05Br₂ (1.98 eV)	Cs_0.05(FA_0.98MA_0.02)_0.95Pb (I_0.98Br_0.02)₃ (1.55 eV)	Si (1.10 eV)	2.980	11.73	68.4	23.9	24.19	1.04	[83]
	FA_0.8Cs_0.2Pb(I_0.5Br_0.5)₃ (1.84 eV)	FAPbI₃ (1.52 eV)	Si (1.10 eV)	2.84	11.6	0.74	24.4	\	1.0	[84]
	FA_0.8Cs_0.2Pb(I_0.5Br_0.5)₃ (1.84 eV)	FAPbI₃ (1.52 eV)	Si (1.10 eV)	2.86	11.5	0.73	24.0	\	1.0	[84]
	FA_0.60MA_0.15Cs_0.25Pb (I_0.45Br_0.5OCN_0.05)₃ (1.93 eV)	FA_0.9Cs_0.1PbI₃ (1.55 eV)	Si (1.10 eV)	3.132	11.58	76.15	27.62	27.1	1.0	[85]
	FA_0.60MA_0.15Cs_0.25Pb (I_0.45Br_0.5OCN_0.05)₃ (1.93 eV)	FA_0.9Cs_0.1PbI₃ (1.55 eV)	Si (1.10 eV)	\	\	\	\	27.1	1.0	[85]

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