Ruan Yuan-Dong; Zhang Zhi-Hao; Jia Jiang-Xie; Gu Yu-Ning; Zhang Shan-Duan; Cui Xu-Gao; Hong Wei; Bai Yan-Zheng; Tian Peng-Fei

doi:10.7498/aps.73.20241115

Abstract

Gravitational waves are a kind of matter wave, which is caused by the violent motion and changes of matter and energy. Detecting gravitational waves allows people to observe the universe from a new perspective. In the process of gravitational wave detection, high-energy particles and cosmic rays in space can penetrate the exterior of the spacecraft and reach the surface of the inertial sensor’s test mass (TM), continuously accumulating charges. Once the charge on the TM exceeds a certain threshold, the electrostatic forces between the TM and surrounding conductors generate significant acceleration noise, which will affect the measurement accuracy of the inertial sensors and, consequently, the success of the gravitational wave detection mission. Therefore, controlling the charge on the TM surface, known as charge management, is essential. The most commonly used charge management method is based on the photoelectric effect, using ultraviolet (UV) light to control the potential between the surface of the TM and the surrounding conductors. In previous charge management systems (CMSs), UV mercury lamps and UV light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were used as light sources, achieving varying levels of success. This paper mainly reviews the research progress of UV light sources in CMS for space gravitational wave detection. Mercury lamps, as the first-generation system light sources, can fulfill the mission but have some drawbacks such as slow startup, high power consumption and significant electromagnetic interference. UV LEDs, because of their advantages in size and weight, have gradually become the current light source for CMS. In recent years, with the development of UV micro-LED technology, UV micro-LEDs have achieved higher external quantum efficiency and lower power consumption, demonstrating their potential applications in CMS, and becoming a promising UV light source for future charge management systems.

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Authors and contacts

Corresponding author: Tian Peng-Fei, pftian@fudan.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2021YFC2202503).

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Cited By

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研究团队	光源类型	研究内容
Buchman等^[19]	汞灯	将陀螺仪表面的电荷控制在15 mV以内, 初步证明了汞灯在电荷管理系统中作为光源的可行性
Buchman等^[25]	汞灯	长时间的运行证明了汞灯的精度和可靠性
Conklin等^[26]	汞灯	进行了控制陀螺仪转子的充放电实验
Armano等^[20,21]	汞灯	研发了基于汞灯的电荷管理系统用于LPF任务
Sun等^[31,33]	UV LED	验证了UV LED用于电荷管理系统的可行性与优越性; 对UV LED进行了老化测试与抗辐照测试
Pollack等^[32]	UV LED	成功实现了对扭摆上电荷的充放电控制
Balakrishnan等^[30]	UV LED	对UV LED 进行了热循环和振动作用下的稳定性测试
Hollington等^[34,35]	UV LED	对更短波长的UV LED进行了老化测试; 对3种商用UV LED进行了一系列测试以评估是否可用于太空任务

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参数名称	紫外汞灯^[31]	UV LED^[53,54]	UV micro-LED^[49,51]
电源功耗/W	15	1	~3×10^–3
电磁干扰	大	小	小
质量/kg	3.5	0.3	0.1
电荷管理系统尺寸	17 cm×13 cm×17 cm	10 cm×8 cm×3 cm	7 cm×5 cm×4 cm
出射的紫外光功率/μW	~120	~100	~105
光纤尾端出射的功率/μW	~11	~16	~16
中心波长/nm	194—254	257	253
快速调制能力	实现困难	通过对驱动电流进行调制	可直流、脉冲调制
电荷控制手段	只能使用DC	AC和DC	AC和DC
电荷控制频率	信号带宽内部	处于信号带宽之外	处于信号带宽之外
动态范围	100	10⁵	10⁶
电荷管理分辨率	低	高	更高
电荷控制速率	低	高	高

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