Precise measurements of electron <i>g</i> factors in bound states of few-electron ions

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Abstract

The electron gfactor is an important fundamental structural parameter in atomic physics, as it reveals various mechanisms of interactions between electrons and external fields. Precise measurements of gfactors of bound electrons in simple atomic and molecular systems provide an effective method for investigating the bound-state quantum electrodynamics (QED) theory. Especially in highly-charged heavy ions (HCIs), the strong electromagnetic interactions between the nuclei and inner-shell electrons provide unique opportunities to test QED under extremely strong fields. Accurate measurements of the gfactors of the bound-state electrons are also important for determining nuclear effects, nuclear parameters and fundamental constants. The research on gfactors of the bound-state electrons has become a frontier topic in fundamental physics. A Penning trap, which uses steady-state electromagnetic fields to confine charged particles, is utilized to precisely measure the gfactor. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the experiments on gfactors for few-electron simple systems in Penning traps, including experimental principles, experimental setups, measurement methods, and a summary of important research findings. The physical concept of the electron gfactor and its historical research background are introduced. The electron gfactor is considered as an effective probe to study higher-order QED effects. Through high-precision measurements of the free electron g factor, discrepancies between the fine-structure constants and other experimental results in atomic physics are identified. Notably, the gfactor of the 1s electron in HCIs deviates significantly from the value for free electrons as the atomic number increases. Experimental principles, including the principle of the Penning trap and the principle of measuring the bound-state electron gfactors are discussed. A double-trap experiment setup and related precision measurement techniques are also introduced. This paper reviews several milestone experiments including (1) the stringent test of bound-state QED by precise measurement of bound-state electron gfactor of a ¹¹⁸Sn ⁴⁹⁺ion, (2) measurement of the gfactors of lithium-like and boron-like ions and their applications, and (3) measurement of the g-factor isotope shift by using an advanced two-ion balance technique in the Penning trap, providing an insight into the QED effects in nuclear recoil. Finally, this paper summarizes the challenges currently faced in measuring the gfactors of bound-state electrons in few-electron ion systems and provides the prospects for the future developments of this field.

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Authors and contacts

Tu Bing-Sheng

Corresponding author:Tu Bing-Sheng,bingshengtu@fudan.edu.cn

Funds:Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2022YFA1602504), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12204110), and the Shanghai Pujiang Talent Program (Grant No. 22PJ1401100).

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	¹²C⁵⁺	¹⁶O⁷⁺	²⁰Ne⁹⁺	²⁸Si¹³⁺	¹¹⁸Sn⁴⁹⁺
g_Dirac	1.99872135439(1)	1.99772600306(2)	1.99644517090	1.9930235716	1.90807920530
Free QED	0.00231930437(1)	0.00231930437(1)	0.00231930435	0.00231930437(1)	0.00231930435
BS-QED	0.00000084340(3)	0.00000159438(11)	0.00000265069(12)	0.0000058558(17)	0.000148098(298)
FNS	0.00000000041	0.00000000155(1)	0.000 00000476(1)	0.000000 205	0.000014489(24)
NR	0.00000008762	0.00000011697	0.00000014641	0.0000002051(1)	0.000000726
Hadronic	—	—	—	—	–0.000000002
g_theo	2.00104159018(3)	2.00004702128(11)	1.99876727711(12)	1.995348958 0(17)	1.910561821(299)
g_exp	2.0010415964(45)	2.0000470254(46)	1.99876727699(19)	1.99534895910(81)	1.910562058962(914)
注:g_Dirac代表Dirac方程计算的g因子值, Free QED代表自由(电子)QED效应贡献, BS-QED代表束缚态(电子)QED效应贡献, FNS代表核尺寸效应贡献, NR代表核反冲效应贡献, Hadronic代表强子效应贡献.¹²C⁵⁺,¹⁶O⁷⁺,²⁸Si¹³数据来自于文献[10],²⁰Ne⁹⁺的数据来自于文献[12],¹¹⁸Sn⁴⁹⁺的数据来自于文献[13].

DownLoad: CSV

	²⁸Si¹¹⁺	⁴⁰Ca¹⁷⁺	⁴⁰Ar¹³
g_Dirac	1.9982547533	1.9964260253	0.66377545
QED	0.0023202857 (17)	0.0023216601(17)	–0.0007682(4)
e-e int.	0.000314 8098 (22)	0.0004542910 (24)	0.0006500(2)
FNS + NR	0.0000000436	0.0000000662	–0.0000091(2)
g_theo	2.000889 8924 (28)	1.9992020426 (29)	0.6636482 (5)
g_exp	2.00088988845 (14)	1.9992020405 (11)	0.66364845532(93)
注: QED代表经过屏蔽势修正后的束缚态QED效应, e-e int.代表电子-电子关联效应贡献;²⁸Si¹¹⁺与⁴⁰Ca¹⁷⁺数据来自于文献[23],⁴⁰Ar¹³数据来自于文献[24].

DownLoad: CSV

效应贡献	$ {{\Delta }}g=g\left({}_{}{}^{20}{{\mathrm{N}}{\mathrm{e}}}_{}^{9+}\right)-g\left({}_{}{}^{22}{{\mathrm{N}}{\mathrm{e}}}_{}^{9+}\right) $ ($ \times {10}^{-9} $)
FNS	0.166(11)
Recoil, non-QED	13.2827
Recoil, QED	0.0435
Recoil, (α/π)(m_e/M)	–0.0103
Recoil, (m_e/M)²	–0.0077
Nuclear polarization	0.0001(3)
Δgtotal theory	13.474(11)
Δgexperiment	13.47524(53)_stat(99)_sys

DownLoad: CSV

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Vol. 73, Issue 20 - 2024-10-20

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