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Abstract

Nanopore sensors have become important tools for analyzing biomarkers, including but not limited to nucleic acids, proteins, and other biomolecules that play important roles in life. Though the nanopores themselves have no selectivity towards target molecules, higher sensitivity of nanopore sensing to the target biomarkers could be achieved with the help of the specificity enhancement technology. In this work, the basic principles of nanopore sensing are first introduced, then methods of modifying nanopore surface as well as the development and application of those selectivity enhancement technologies of nanopore sensing in recent years are reviewed. These enhancement technologies primarily fall into two categories: surface functionalization and molecular probes. Surface functionalization is further categorized based on the types of functional molecules used, while molecular probes are classified according to carrier forms. Finally, in this paper several challenges that nanopore sensing continues to encounter are discussed and some suggestions are made for its future development.

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Authors and contacts

Corresponding author:Chen Qi,chenqi_whu@hust.edu.cn

Funds:Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 62374063).

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特异性增强技术	目标生物分子	纳米孔类型	检测极限
表面官能化	α-thrombin γ-thrombin	SiN_x	N/A^[39]
	miRNA-21	Quartz	0.1 pmol/L^[42]
	HAdV SARS-CoV-2	PET	6 pfu/mL^[43] 10⁴copies/mL^[43]
	N protein	Nanopipette	73.204 pg/mL^[47]
	Neuraminidase	ClyA	38 nmol/L^[49]
	SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein	ClyA	2.3 nmol/L^[50]
	Barstar	t-FhuA	12.6 nmol/L^[51]
	Streptavidin	PET	N/A^[52]
	L-His, D-His	PET	N/A^[58]
	L-Trp	PI	N/A^[59]
	norepinephrine epinephrine	MspA	1 μmol/L^[61]
	ribonucleotide	MspA	N/A^[62]
分子探针	miR155	SiN_x	10 nmol/L^[68]
	C-reactive protein	SiN_x	0.3 ng/μL^[72]
	alpha-1 antitrypsin Tau 381 BACE1	Aerolysin	77.9 fmol/L^[73] 6.79 fmol/L^[73] 86.4 fmol/L^[73]
	miRNA-21	Glass	5 nmol/L^[83]
	Carcinoembryonic-antigen	Quartz	0.01 nmol/L^[84]
	alpha fetoprotein	α-HL	1 fmol/L^[85]
	ESAT-6/CFP-10	α-HL	10 amol/L^[86]
	α-Syn	Quartz	2.2 pmol/L^[93]
	Thrombin AChE	Quartz	N/A^[65]
	miR-375-3p miR-141-3p	SiN_x	8 fmol/L^[95] 5 fmol/L^[95]
	E. coli DH5α 16 SrRNA Salmonella 16 SrRNA A. Baumanii 16 SrRNA	Glass	N/A^[98]
	Streptavidin	SiN_x	N/A^[102]

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Vol. 73, Issue 10 - 2024-05-20

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