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Abstract

The lock-in amplifier can perform high-precision measurement in both time and amplitude dimensions, so that it becomes a key component of instrumental system for precision measurement and control. This article overviews the concept, technology, and application of phase-locked amplifiers as a guide. It first explains the development and evolution of phase-locked amplifiers of analog, digital, and virtual phase-locked amplifiers, demonstrating their relationship and differences. Then, it classifies phase-locked amplifiers from a mathematical perspective based on the order and type of phase-locked loops. Subsequently, the testing process and metrological calibration progress of the main performance of phase-locked amplifiers, such as amplitude, frequency, and phase noise, are introduced. The conversion relationship between key indicators such as phase noise, time-domain jitter, Allan variance, and the coupling relationship with amplitude noise are discussed. Finally, the application forms and effects of phase-locked amplifiers in the fields of spectral enhancement, impedance analysis, magnetic measurement, microscopic imaging, and space exploration are listed. Through some new applications, the prospects of their transition from scientific instruments to industrial and even civilian products through intelligent computing, precise IoT, and other means are briefly given.

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Erratum

Erratum: [Acta Phys. Sin. 2023, 72(22): 224206]

Guo Zhong-Kai, Li Yong-Gang, Yu Bo-Cheng, Zhou Shi-Chao, Meng Qing-Yu, Lu Xin-Xin, Huang Yi-Fan, Liu Gui-Peng, Lu Jun. Erratum: [Acta Phys. Sin. 2023, 72(22): 224206]. Acta Phys. Sin., 2023, 72(24): 249901. doi:10.7498/aps.72.249901

Authors and contacts

Corresponding author:Lu Jun,lujun@iphy.ac.cn

Funds:Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2021YFF0701000).

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Cited By

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地区	品牌	型号	工作频率范围	最大输出数据率	相位噪声	电压噪声/ (nV·Hz^–1/2)	动态储备 /dB	推出年份
国外	Standford	SR830	$1\ {\rm{mHz}} — 102\ {\rm{kHz}}$	256 kSa/s	87 μrad	6	100	1980
	Research (美国)	SR865A	$1\ {\rm{mHz}} — 4\ {\rm{MHz}}$	1.25 MSa/s	1.7 μrad	2.5	120	2015
	Zurich	HF2LI	$\rm{DC} — 50\ {\rm{MHz}}$	0.5 MSa/s	>17 nrad	5	120	2008
	Instrument	UHFLI	$\rm{DC} — 600\ {\rm{MHz}}$	1.6 MSa/s (LAN)	>17 nrad	4	100	2013
	(瑞士)	SHFLI	$\rm{DC} — 8.5\ {\rm{GHz}}$	1.6 MSa/s (LAN)	>17 nrad	4	100	2022
	Liquid	Moku:Lab	$1\ {\rm{kHz}} — 200\ {\rm{MHz}}$	1 MSa/s	1 nrad·Hz^–1/2	30	120	2017
	Instrument (澳洲)	Moku:Pro	$1\ {\rm{kHz}} — 300\ {\rm{MHz}}$	10 MSa/s	1 nrad·Hz^–1/2	20	120	2021
	AMETEK (美国)	Signal	$1\ {\rm{mHz}} —250\ {\rm{kHz}}$	1 MSa/s (典型)	1.7 μrad	5	100—120	1999
	AMETEK (美国)	Recovery 7265	$1\ {\rm{mHz}} —250\ {\rm{kHz}}$	1 MSa/s (典型)	1.7 μrad	5	100—120	1999
	NF(日本)	LI5660	$0.5\ \rm{\; Hz} — 11\ {\rm{MHz}}$	1.5 MSa/s	17 μrad	4.5	100	2018
国内	赛恩科仪	OE1022	$10\ \text{μ} {\rm{Hz}} — 250\ {\rm{kHz}}$	1 MSa/s	> 17 nrad	2.5	120	2012
	赛恩科仪	OE2041	$10\ \text{μ} {\rm{Hz}} — 60\ {\rm{MHz}}$	1 MSa/s	> 17 nrad	2.5	120	2020
	国仪量子	LIA001M	${\mathrm{DC}} — 1\ {\rm{MHz}}$	N.A.	> 170 nrad	2.5	120	2021
	南京鸿宾	HB293(JD-1)	$1\ \rm{\; Hz} — 100\ {\rm{kHz}}$	N.A.	N.A.	3	140	~1980

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Vol. 72, Issue 22 - 2023-11-20

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