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Abstract

Semi-quantum secure direct communication allows the quantum party and the classical party to transmit secure messages directly, but does not need sharing a secret key in advance. To increase the information transmission efficiency and practicability of semi-quantum secure direct communication, a bidirectional semi-quantum secure direct communication protocol with high-dimensional single-particle states is designed. The proposed protocol involves quantum party Alice and classical party Bob. Each participant can receive a secret message while sending a secret message. Unlike most of existing quantum secure direct communication protocols, it is not necessary for the classical party Bob in the proposed protocol to possess the capability of measuring quantum states, which greatly enhances the feasibility of the protocol. The protocol allows the classical party Bob to implement the unitary operations on particles and reorder the quantum sequence. Furthermore, the quantum party Alice and the classical party Bob can verify the correctness of the received secret message with the Hash function. Security analysis indicates that without being discovered by the legitimate participants, Eve cannot obtain the secret message with common attack, such as intercept-resend attack, measure-resend attack, tampering attack and entanglement-measure attack. Compared with the typical semi-quantum secure direct communication protocols, the proposed protocol has a high qubit efficiency of about 28.6%. In addition, the transmission efficiency of secret message is greatly enhanced, since the proposed protocol utilizes the high-dimensional single-particle states as the carrier of secret message.

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Authors and contacts

Corresponding author:Zhou Nan-Run,znr21@163.com

Funds:Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61871205).

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References

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Cited By

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

原始状态所属基	Bob的操作	标记为
$\overline Z $	CTRL	$\overline Z - {\text{CTRL}}$
$\overline Z $	${U_m}$	$\overline Z - U$
$\overline X $	CTRL	$\overline X - {\text{CTRL}}$
$\overline X $	${U_m}$	$\overline X - U$

DownLoad: CSV

原始状态	Bob的操作	Alice的操作	预期结果
$\left\| k \right\rangle $	CTRL	$\overline Z $基测量	$\left\| k \right\rangle $
$\left\| k \right\rangle $	${U_m}$	$\overline Z $基测量	$\left\| {k \oplus m} \right\rangle $
$F\left\| k \right\rangle $	CTRL	$\overline X $基测量	$F\left\| k \right\rangle $
$F\left\| k \right\rangle $	${U_m}$	$\overline X $基测量	$F\left\| k \right\rangle $

DownLoad: CSV

Alice发送的粒子	Bob的操作	Eve的操作	Alice的操作	窃听是否会被发现
$\overline Z $	CTRL	CTRL	用$\overline Z $基测量	否
$\overline Z $	CTRL	${U_m}$	用$\overline Z $基测量	是
$\overline Z $	${U_m}$	CTRL	用$\overline Z $基测量	$\dfrac{ {d - 1} }{ {2 d} }$的概率被发现
$\overline Z $	${U_m}$	${U_m}$	用$\overline Z $基测量	$\dfrac{ {d - 1} }{ {2 d} }$的概率被发现
$\overline X $	CTRL	CTRL	用$\overline X $基测量	否
$\overline X $	CTRL	${U_m}$	用$\overline X $基测量	否
$\overline X $	${U_m}$	CTRL	用$\overline X $基测量	否
$\overline X $	${U_m}$	${U_m}$	用$\overline X $基测量	否

DownLoad: CSV

Alice发送的粒子	Eve的测量基	Bob得到的粒子	Bob的操作	Alice的操作	窃听是否被发现
$\overline Z $	$\overline Z $	$\overline Z $	CTRL	$\overline Z $基测量	否
$\overline Z $	$\overline Z $	$\overline Z $	${U_m}$	$\overline Z $基测量	否
$\overline Z $	$\overline X $	$\overline X $	CTRL	$\overline Z $基测量	$\dfrac{ {d - 1} }{d}$概率被发现
$\overline Z $	$\overline X $	$\overline X $	${U_m}$	$\overline Z $基测量	$\dfrac{ {d - 1} }{ {2 d} }$概率被发现
$\overline X $	$\overline Z $	$\overline Z $	CTRL	$\overline X $基测量	$\dfrac{ {d - 1} }{d}$概率被发现
$\overline X $	$\overline Z $	$\overline Z $	${U_m}$	$\overline X $基测量	$\dfrac{ {d - 1} }{d}$概率被发现
$\overline X $	$\overline X $	$\overline X $	CTRL	$\overline X $基测量	否
$\overline X $	$\overline X $	$\overline X $	${U_m}$	$\overline X $基测量	否

DownLoad: CSV

协议	文献[36]	文献[38]	协议一[40]	协议二[40]	本文协议
量子载体	二维单粒子态	二维Bell态	二维Bell态	二维Bell态	$d$维单粒子态
通信模式	单向	单向	单向	单向	双向
经典方是否需要测量能力	是	是	是	是	否
每粒子传输秘密信息(bit)	1	1	1	1	${\log _2}d$
量子通信协议效率(%)	14.3	19.0	16.7	28.6	28.6

DownLoad: CSV

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Vol. 71, Issue 13 - 2022-07-05

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