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传热恶化是超临界流体(supercutical fluid, SCF)传热研究重要问题之一, 但由于SCF在跨过拟临界点时, 流体存在非平衡过程, 类气和类液之间的转变对传热的影响尚没有统一认识. 本文假设SCF在宏观上存在类似于亚临界流动沸腾现象, 通过类比亚临界沸腾传热, 认为超临界CO 2传热恶化原因之一是由于流体膨胀导致热量不能被及时从壁面被带走, 并提出一个类沸腾临界点模型. 结果表明: 类沸腾引起的传热恶化发生在大温度梯度下, 较大的温度梯度使类过热液层覆盖在壁面, 并使类气和类液呈现不同的分布形式, 从而表现出不同的传热特性; 当内壁温高于拟临界温度时, 覆盖在壁面的过热类液焓值超过一定值会发生传热恶化, 提出的理论模型能够较好地解释实验结果, 此外考虑类沸腾的传热关联式, 预测精度大大提高. 本文从理论上建立超临界和亚临界传热之间的联系, 为SCF传热恶化研究提供了新思路, 丰富了超临界压力下的传热理论.Heat transfer deterioration (HTD) is one of the important issues in the study of supercritical fluid (SCF) heat transfer. However, when the SCF crosses the pseudo-critical point, the none-quilibrium process occurs in liquid, so SCF is very complicated. Recently, the existence of SCF pseudo-boiling on a macro scale has sparked controversy. There is still no unified understanding of the mechanism of gas-like and liquid-like transition affecting heat transfer. In this work, it is assumed that SCF has a macroscopic phenomenon similar to subcritical flow boiling. By analogy with subcritical boiling heat transfer, a boiling critical point model is proposed to describe the HTD in supercritical CO 2. Our study reveals that the HTD caused by pseudo-boiling only occurs under large temperature gradient, which makes the superheated liquid-like layer cover the wall, and the gas-like and liquid-like may present different distribution forms, thus changing the heat transfer characteristics. When the wall temperature is higher than the pseudo-critical temperature and the enthalpy of the fluid layer covering the wall exceeds a certain value, the HTD may occur. The proposed theoretical model can explain the experimental results well, and the prediction accuracy of heat transfer correlation considering pseudo-boiling is greatly improved. In this work, the connection between supercritical heat transfer and subcritical heat transfer is established theoretically, which provides a new idea for studying the deterioration of SCF heat transfer, thus enriching the theory of supercritical heat transfer.
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Keywords:
- supercritical fluid/
- expansion/
- pseudo-boiling/
- heat transfer deterioration/
- theoretical model
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Ref. Correlation Operatings parameters [25] $N{u_{\text{b}}} = 0.023 Re_{\text{b}}^{1.03}Pr_{\text{b}}^{0.5}{F_1}{F_2} \qquad\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad $ CO2/H2O/R134a ${F_1} = \left\{ {\begin{aligned} &0.98, & &{\text{ for }}{{\textit{π}} _{\text{A}}} < 1.75 \times {{10}^{ - 4}}, \\ &0.85 + 0.056{{\left( {{{10}^4}{{\textit{π}} _{\text{A}}}} \right)}^{1.5}}, & &{\text{ for }}1.75 \times {{10}^{ - 4}} \leqslant {{\textit{π}} _{\text{A}}} < 3.75 \times {{10}^{ - 4}}, \\ &13.1/4.5 + {{\left( {104{{\textit{π}} _{\text{A}}}} \right)}^{1.35}}, & &{\text{ for }}3.75 \times {{10}^{ - 4}} < {{\textit{π}} _{\text{A}}} ,\end{aligned}} \right.$ $ {F_2} = \left\{ {\begin{aligned} & 0.93 Pr_{\text{b}}^{0.265}, & &{\text{ for }}P{r_{\text{b}}} \leqslant 2.5, \\ &1.61 Pr_{\text{b}}^{ - 0.333}, & &{\text{ for }}P{r_{\text{b}}} > 2.5, \end{aligned}} \right. \qquad {{\textit{π}} _{\text{A}}} = \dfrac{{{q_{\text{w}}}{\beta _{\text{b}}}}}{{G{c_{{\text{p}}, {\text{b}}}}}} \qquad\qquad \qquad\qquad $ [26] $N u_{\mathrm{w}}=0.0033 R e_{\mathrm{w}}^{0.94} \overline{Pr}_{\mathrm{w}}^{0.76}\left( {\rho_{\mathrm{w}}}/{\rho_{\mathrm{b}}}\right)^{0.16}\left( {\mu_{\mathrm{w}}}/{\mu_{\mathrm{b}}}\right)^{0.4} $ — [27] $N u_{\mathrm{b}}=0.0061 R e_{\mathrm{b}}^{0.904} P r_{\mathrm{b}, \mathrm{ave}}^{0.684}\left({\rho_{\mathrm{w}}}/{\rho_{\mathrm{b}}}\right)^{0.564}$ H2O
P= 24 MPa;di= 10.0 mm
G= 200—1500 kg/(m2·s)
qw= 0—1250 kW/m2$P{r_{{\mathrm{b, ave}}}} = \dfrac{{{\mu _{\text{b}}}}}{{{\lambda _{{\mathrm{b}}} }}}\dfrac{{{i_{{\mathrm{w}}} } - {i_{{\mathrm{b}}} }}}{{{T_{{\mathrm{w}}} } - {T_{{\mathrm{b}}} }}}$ [28] $ N{u_{\mathrm{b}}} = 0.226 Re_{\mathrm{b}}^{1.174}Pr_{{{\mathrm{b}}} , {\mathrm{ave}}}^{1.057}{\left( {\dfrac{{{\rho _{\mathrm{w}}}}}{{{\rho _{{\mathrm{b}}} }}}} \right)^{0.571}}{\left( {\dfrac{{{{\overline c }_{{{\mathrm{p, b}}}}}}}{{{c_{{{\mathrm{p} , b}}}}}}} \right)^{1.023}}A{c^{0.489}}B{u^{0.0021}} $ CO2
P= 7.46—10.26 MPa
di= 4.5 mm
G= 208–847 kg/(m2·s)
qw= 38—234 kW/m2$Ac = \dfrac{{{q_{{\mathrm{w}}} }{\beta _{{\mathrm{b}}} }}}{{G{c_{{{\mathrm{p}}} , {\mathrm{b}}}}Re_{{\mathrm{b}}} ^{0.625}}}\left( {\dfrac{{{\mu _{{\mathrm{w}}} }}}{{{\mu _{{\mathrm{b}}} }}}} \right){\left( {\dfrac{{{\rho _{{\mathrm{b}}} }}}{{{\rho _{{\mathrm{w}}} }}}} \right)^{0.5}}$, $Gr{=}\dfrac{{{g} {\beta _{{\mathrm{b}}} }d_{\mathrm{i}}^4{q_{{\mathrm{w}}} }}}{{v_{\mathrm{b}}^2{\lambda _{{\mathrm{b}}} }}}$ $ Bu = \dfrac{{Gr}}{{Re_{{\mathrm{b}}} ^{3.425}P{r^{0.8}}}}\left( {\dfrac{{{\mu _{{\mathrm{w}}} }}}{{{\mu _{{\mathrm{b}}} }}}} \right){\left( {\dfrac{{{\rho _{{\mathrm{b}}} }}}{{{\rho _{{\mathrm{w}}} }}}} \right)^{0.5}}$, ${\overline c _{{{\mathrm{p, b}}}}} = \dfrac{{{i_{{\mathrm{w}}} } - {i_{{\mathrm{b}}} }}}{{{T_{{\mathrm{w}}} } - {T_{{\mathrm{b}}} }}}$ [29] $ N u_{\mathrm{b}}=\dfrac{(\xi / 8) R e_{\mathrm{b}} \overline{{Pr}}_{\mathrm{b}}}{1+900 / R e_{\mathrm{b}}+12.7 \sqrt{\xi / 8}\left(\overline{P r}_{\mathrm{b}}^{2 / 3}-1\right)}$ — $\xi=\left[1.82 \log _{10}\left(R e_{\mathrm{b}}\right)-1.64\right]^{-2}\left( {\rho_{\mathrm{w}}}/{\rho_{\mathrm{b}}}\right)^{0.4}\left({\mu_{\mathrm{w}}}/{\mu_{\mathrm{b}}}\right)^{0.2}$ 
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