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锁相放大器可同时在时间与幅度两个维度实现高精度信号测量, 是精密系统测控的关键部件. 本文以锁相放大器的概念、技术与应用的概貌作为导引, 先以模拟、数字以及虚拟锁相放大器的主要关系与区分方法说明锁相放大器的发展演变, 继而按照锁相环的阶与型从数学角度对锁相放大器进行分类. 随后介绍锁相放大器的幅度、频率与相位噪声等主要性能的测试流程与计量标定进展, 讨论相位噪声、时域抖动、阿伦方差等关键指标之间的换算关系以及和幅度噪声之间的耦合关联. 最后, 列举锁相放大器在光谱增强、阻抗分析、磁性测量、显微成像、空间探测领域的应用形式与效果, 通过一些新型应用展望它通过智能计算、精准物联等途径从科学仪器走向工业甚至民品的前景.The lock-in amplifier can perform high-precision measurement in both time and amplitude dimensions, so that it becomes a key component of instrumental system for precision measurement and control. This article overviews the concept, technology, and application of phase-locked amplifiers as a guide. It first explains the development and evolution of phase-locked amplifiers of analog, digital, and virtual phase-locked amplifiers, demonstrating their relationship and differences. Then, it classifies phase-locked amplifiers from a mathematical perspective based on the order and type of phase-locked loops. Subsequently, the testing process and metrological calibration progress of the main performance of phase-locked amplifiers, such as amplitude, frequency, and phase noise, are introduced. The conversion relationship between key indicators such as phase noise, time-domain jitter, Allan variance, and the coupling relationship with amplitude noise are discussed. Finally, the application forms and effects of phase-locked amplifiers in the fields of spectral enhancement, impedance analysis, magnetic measurement, microscopic imaging, and space exploration are listed. Through some new applications, the prospects of their transition from scientific instruments to industrial and even civilian products through intelligent computing, precise IoT, and other means are briefly given.
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Keywords:
- lock-in amplifiers/
- phase-locked loops/
- metrology calibration/
- signal-to-noise ratio/
- precision measurement
更正: [必威体育下载 2023, 72(22): 224206]
郭忠凯, 李永刚, 于博丞, 周世超, 孟庆宇, 陆鑫鑫, 黄一帆, 刘贵鹏, 陆俊. . 必威体育下载 , 2023, 72(22): 224206. doi:10.7498/aps.72.249901
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地区 品牌 型号 工作频率范围 最大输出数据率 相位噪声 电压噪声/
(nV·Hz–1/2)动态储备
/dB推出年份 国外 Standford SR830 $1\ {\rm{mHz}} — 102\ {\rm{kHz}}$ 256 kSa/s 87 μrad 6 100 1980 Research (美国) SR865A $1\ {\rm{mHz}} — 4\ {\rm{MHz}}$ 1.25 MSa/s 1.7 μrad 2.5 120 2015 Zurich HF2LI $\rm{DC} — 50\ {\rm{MHz}}$ 0.5 MSa/s >17 nrad 5 120 2008 Instrument UHFLI $\rm{DC} — 600\ {\rm{MHz}}$ 1.6 MSa/s (LAN) >17 nrad 4 100 2013 (瑞士) SHFLI $\rm{DC} — 8.5\ {\rm{GHz}}$ 1.6 MSa/s (LAN) >17 nrad 4 100 2022 Liquid Moku:Lab $1\ {\rm{kHz}} — 200\ {\rm{MHz}}$ 1 MSa/s 1 nrad·Hz–1/2 30 120 2017 Instrument (澳洲) Moku:Pro $1\ {\rm{kHz}} — 300\ {\rm{MHz}}$ 10 MSa/s 1 nrad·Hz–1/2 20 120 2021 AMETEK
(美国)Signal $1\ {\rm{mHz}} —250\ {\rm{kHz}}$ 1 MSa/s (典型) 1.7 μrad 5 100—120 1999 Recovery 7265 NF(日本) LI5660 $0.5\ \rm{\; Hz} — 11\ {\rm{MHz}}$ 1.5 MSa/s 17 μrad 4.5 100 2018 国内 赛恩科仪 OE1022 $10\ \text{μ} {\rm{Hz}} — 250\ {\rm{kHz}}$ 1 MSa/s > 17 nrad 2.5 120 2012 OE2041 $10\ \text{μ} {\rm{Hz}} — 60\ {\rm{MHz}}$ 1 MSa/s > 17 nrad 2.5 120 2020 国仪量子 LIA001M ${\mathrm{DC}} — 1\ {\rm{MHz}}$ N.A. > 170 nrad 2.5 120 2021 南京鸿宾 HB293(JD-1) $1\ \rm{\; Hz} — 100\ {\rm{kHz}}$ N.A. N.A. 3 140 ~1980 -
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