Fiber-optic temperature sensors have gained much attention owing to their intrinsic features of light weight, immunity to electromagnetic interference, and capability for distributed measurement. Especially, temperature sensors based on Fabry-Perot interferometers (FPIs) are attractive owing to their advantages of compact size and convenient reflection measurement. However, due to the low thermal expansion or/and thermo-optic coefficient of fiber, the temperature sensitivities of these sensors are normally low (~10 pm/℃ or even lower). In order to improve the temperature sensitivity, a device with dual cascaded FPIs is proposed and demonstrated in this paper, which works on vernier effect and exhibits a much higher temperature sensitivity. The device is fabricated by splicing a short segment of large mode area (LMA) fiber to a short segment of capillary tube fused with a section of single-mode fiber to form an extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer with a glass cavity cascaded to an intrinsic FPI with a narrow air cavity. By setting the lengths of capillary tube and LMA fiber to allow similar free spectral ranges to be obtained, and superimposing of the reflection spectra of the two FPIs, the vernier effect can be generated. Firstly, the principle of temperature sensing based on vernier effect of this device is analyzed and simulated theoretically, and it is found that the temperature sensitivity can be improved significantly by using vernier effect compared with that of a single FPI with an air-cavity or glass cavity by directly tracing resonant dips/peaks. Then, the temperature responses of the FPI with single air-cavity and dual cascaded cavities are measured, respectively. Experimental results match well with the theoretical analysis carried out. The temperature sensitivity of the proposed sensor is improved greatly from 0.71 pm/℃ for a single FPI sensor with an air-cavity to 179.30 pm/℃ by employing the vernier effect. Additionally, the sensor exhibits good repeatability in a temperature range of 100-500℃. The proposed sensor has the advantages of compact size (1 mm in dimension) and high sensitivity, which makes it promising for temperature sensing in a variety of industries, such as food inspection, pharmacy, oil/gas exploration, environment, and high-voltage power systems.