The pulsed high current linear driving device operates under extreme conditions, and various forms of metal damages will reduce the service life of the device. At present, the multi-physics coupling mechanism of pulsed high current linear driving device is still unclear, and the multi-parameter diagnosis method in the laboratory environment is limited. Therefore, it is urgent to clarify the evolution process of multiple physical parameters through numerical modeling methods, in order to guide the optimization of the overall performance and improve the service life of the device. In this work, mathematical and physical models of electromagnetic field, temperature field and structural field under dynamic conditions are established. The local solution is carried out by using the characteristics of rail reverse motion and the invariant physical quantities at the distal end of the contact. The constraint equations of the non-equipotential surface of the rail entrance and the armature-rail interface conditions under the technical framework are derived. The constraint equations are applied by the penalty function method. The model also takes into account the practical factors such as the temperature dependence of the material properties, thermal stresses, and the frictional heat of the contact surface. The finite element discrete format of the electromagnetic field and the temperature field is solved in the form of Euler’s backward differentiation, and the structural field is solved by the Newmark method. The reliability of the model is verified by comparing the calculation results with the numerical tools EMAP3D and Comsol under the same configuration and input conditions, as well as related experiments. Through the numerical simulation of the C-type armature, the typical evolution process of the corresponding multi-parameter is obtained. During sliding electrical contact, the velocity skin effect becomes more pronounced with velocity increasing. The current is gradually concentrated on the surface of the rail, and the highest current density is found at the rear edge of the contact surface and at the edge of the outer arm of the armature. Moreover, the magnetic induction intensity at the tail of the contact surface continues to shrink over time. The heat-concentrated region appears at the top edge of the contact surface, and with time going by, it extends along the sliding direction and bottom direction of the armature. In addition, there is peak stress in the front of the rail contact and significant stress at the armature throat. When the local stress at the throat of the armature exceeds the corresponding yield strength, it can cause serious deformation or even fracture of the armature.