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脉冲电场是心房颤动及肿瘤消融的一种新型物理能量源. 相比于传统热消融, 其具有非热、不损伤周边组织等优势. 物理消融过程中产生的扩散气泡可能导致气体栓塞, 对人体有潜在的危害. 然而当前尚未有针对消融脉冲参数对扩散气泡的影响研究. 因此, 本实验搭建了脉冲产生和气泡观察平台, 具体研究了溶液电导率, 脉冲电压、脉宽、输入能量等参数与扩散气泡之间的关系, 统计了不同条件下扩散气泡的尺寸分布范围, 并探究了扩散气泡的可能产生原因. 实验结果表明: 液体中产生的扩散气泡量与脉冲电压、输入能量正相关; 高电导率、长脉宽可以增强热效应, 并增加扩散气泡量, 且更易产生尺寸大于100 μm的扩散气泡; 通过对结果推测, 针电极为阴极时, 电解反应可能是扩散气泡的主要来源. 本研究有望指导未来脉冲电场消融参数的优化.Pulsed electric field is a novel physical energy source for treating atrial fibrillation and tumor ablation, which has advantages over traditional thermal ablation, such as being non-thermal, short treatment time, tissue selectivity, and low contact pressure requirements. The diffusion bubbles generated during physical ablation may lead to gas embolism and silent cerebral events, with potential hazards such as tissue damage and cerebral ischemia. Previous studies have shown that the number of bubbles generated is correlated with the electrical properties of the treated object, pulse parameters (pulse waveform, treatment time and input energy), and electrodes. The number of bubbles are more significant at the cathode than at the anode, and the number of bubbles positively correlates with the input energy. However, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of ablation pulse parameters on diffusion bubbles. Therefore, in our experiment, a platform for producing pulses and observing diffusion bubble is built, and the needle-ring electrode we made realizes the capture and measurement of diffusion bubbles. Since pulses with a voltage of 3 kV and a pulse width of 100 μs are commonly used as ablation parameters for atrial fibrillation and tumor in pulsed field ablation (PFA), the pulse width of unipolar pulse is selected as 5, 10, 50, and 100 μs, and the number of pulses applied is 1. The pulse voltage is determined according to the parameters commonly used in PFA and the simulation calculation of the field strength distribution of the needle-ring electrode. After determining the parameters, this experiment explicitly investigates the relationships among diffusion bubbles and solution conductivity, pulse voltage, pulse width, input energy, and other parameters. Meanwhile, the size distributions of diffusion bubbles under different operating conditions are statistically investigated. Besides, the possible causes of diffuse bubbles are also explored. We evaluate the number of bubbles by measuring the cross-sectional area of the diffusion bubbles from a top-down perspective. The experimental results show that the area of diffusion bubbles generated in the liquid is positively correlated with pulse voltage and input energy; high conductivity and long pulse width can enhance the thermal effect and increase the area of diffusion bubbles; diffusion bubbles with a diameter larger than 100 μm are easily generated under high conductivity and high pulse width conditions. By speculating on the results, the electrolytic reaction may be the main source of diffusion bubbles when the needle electrode is the cathode. This study is expected to optimize future pulsed electric field ablation parameters.
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Keywords:
- pulsed electric field/
- diffusion bubble/
- ablation parameter/
- electrolysis reaction/
- risk of embolism
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电导率/
(mS·cm–1)脉宽/μs 电压/V 140.8 5 100 120 140 160 180 200 10 60 80 100 120 140 160 50 20 30 40 50 60 70 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 14.08 5 650 700 750 800 850 900 10 400 450 500 550 600 650 50 200 225 250 275 300 325 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 1.408 50 800 820 840 860 880 900 100 600 650 700 750 800 850 电导率/(mS·cm–1) 脉宽/μs Y=AX+B A B 横截距 140.8 5 300 –34533 115 10 655 –52863 80 50 1452 –17757 12 100 2597 –20567 8 14.08 5 35 –23288 665 10 60 –24444 407 50 498 –108883 218 100 712 –104663 146 1.408 50 9.5 –7541 793 100 35 –23448 669 电导率/(mS·cm–1) 脉宽/μs 输入能量/mJ 140.8 5 1.25 1.80 2.45 3.20 4.05 5.00 10 0.90 1.60 2.50 3.60 4.90 6.40 50 0.50 1.12 2.00 3.12 4.50 6.12 100 0.25 1.00 2.25 4.00 6.25 9.00 14.08 5 6.03 7.00 8.03 9.14 10.32 11.57 10 4.57 5.78 7.14 8.64 10.28 12.07 50 5.70 7.23 8.93 10.80 12.85 15.10 100 4.46 6.43 8.75 11.43 14.46 17.86 1.408 50 10.65 11.2 11.76 12.32 13.00 13.50 100 12.00 14.08 16.33 18.75 21.33 24.08 电导率/(mS·cm–1) 脉宽/μs 最大气泡尺寸/平均气泡尺寸/ μm 140.8 5 0/0 60/23 85/27 130/28 145/31 160/32 10 0/0 100/21 135/27 155/25 190/28 220/29 50 33/16 80/26 90/32 130/39 160/38 220/37 100 24/14 100/27 130/37 190/36 200/44 225/42 14.08 5 25/14 40/23 55/24 70/24 75/25 90/23 10 35/19 55/23 65/25 80/25 95/28 115/25 50 20/18 40/22 115/25 135/28 145/29 200/31 100 35/17 80/25 90/28 110/29 175/33 190/35 1.408 50 15/13 18/14 20/15 22/14 25/16 30/16 100 35/20 42/19 42/21 52/23 55/24 62/22 -
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