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拓扑材料因具有新奇物理特性受到广泛关注, 这些材料一方面为基础物理研究提供了新的平台, 另一方面在以拓扑物理为基础发展的器件研究方向上展现出潜在应用价值. 凝聚态领域对于拓扑材料相关物理问题的研究主要通过两种方式开展: 一是在已知的拓扑材料中不断挖掘新的实验现象和物理问题; 二是不断预言和探索发现新型拓扑材料体系并开展合成. 无论哪种方式, 高质量单晶的获得都至关重要, 它为角分辨光电子能谱、扫描隧道显微谱和磁场下的量子振荡等实验研究提供了前提保障. 本文总结了拓扑材料的分类和发展, 基于本研究组近些年开展的工作介绍了助溶剂法、气相输运法这两种拓扑材料单晶生长中常用的方法, 并详细介绍了拓扑物性研究领域几类典型的拓扑材料及其生长方法, 如拓扑绝缘体/拓扑半金属、高陈数手性拓扑半金属和磁性拓扑材料等.Topological materials have attracted much attention due to their novel physical properties. These materials can not only serve as a platform for studying the fundamental physics, but also demonstrate a significant potential application in electronics, and they are studied usually in two ways. One is to constantly explore new experimental phenomena and physical problems in existing topological materials, and the other is to predict and discover new topological material systems and carry out synthesis for further studies. In a word, high-quality crystals are very important for studying quantum oscillations, angle resolved photoemission spectra or scanning tunneling microscopy. In this work, the classifications and developments of topological materials, including topological insulators, topological semimetals, and magnetic topological materials, are introduced. As usually employed growth methods in growing topological materials, flux and vapour transport methods are introduced in detail. Other growth methods, such as Bridgman, float-zone, vapour deposition and molecular beam epitaxy methods, are also briefly mentioned. Then the details about the crystal growth of some typical topological materials, including topological insulators/semimetals, high Chern number chiral topological semimetals and magnetic topological materials, are elaborated. Meanwhile, the identification of crystal quality is also briefly introduced, including the analysis of crystal composition and structure, which are greatly important.
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Keywords:
- topological materials/
- crystal growth/
- flux method/
- vapour transport
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熔点/℃ 沸点/℃ 可溶于酸或碱溶液 密度/(g·cm-3) 毒性 Al 660.3 2327 硫酸/硝酸/盐酸/氢氧化钠/氢氧化钾 2.70 无 Ga 29.8 2400 盐酸/硫酸 5.90 无 In 156.6 2000 硝酸/盐酸/硫酸 7.31 无 Sn 231.9 2270 盐酸/硝酸/碱溶液 7.28 无 Pb 327.5 1740 硫酸/硝酸/有机酸溶液/碱溶液 11.34 有 Sb 630.6 1635 硫酸 6.69 无 Bi 271.3 1500 硝酸 9.78 无 Te 449.5 989.8 硝酸/盐酸/氢氧化钾 6.24 无 Cd 321.2 765 盐酸 8.65 有 熔点/℃ 沸点/℃ 稳定性 可溶于溶液 形貌 储存 I2 113 184 易挥发/易升华 乙醇 紫红色颗粒 密封干燥 TeCl4 224 380 易潮解 水/盐酸 白色粉末 密封干燥 BiCl3 230 447 易潮解 水/盐酸 白色粉末 密封干燥 BiBr3 218 441 易潮解 水/稀盐酸/丙酮 黄色粉末 密封干燥 TeBr4 380 420 易潮解 水/氢氧化钠 黄色粉末 避光/密封 SnI4 144.5 364 / 乙醇 橘黄色粉末 密封干燥 TeI4 280 118 (升华点) 灼热易分解 乙醇/丙酮 灰色粉末 密封干燥 优点 缺点 适用范围 熔融重结晶法 1. 不需要加入其他试剂如助溶剂或输运剂, 损耗少且不引入杂质;
2. 不需要额外处理其他溶剂的分离或回收, 操作简单.适用性不强 适合生长具有低熔点的目标材料 助溶
剂法1. 适用性强, 几乎对于所有材料只要找到合适的助溶剂都可以将其以单晶形式生长出来;
2. 生长温度低, 适合熔点很高的化合物;
3. 生长出的晶体均匀完整.1. 生长周期长;
2. 许多助溶剂都有不同程度的毒性 处理后的助溶剂或含有助溶剂的溶液具有腐蚀性还会产生污染, 要做好分类并小心处理;
3. 使用坩埚, 可能会影响品体成核与生长取向.适合生长本身熔点较高的化合物 气相输运法 1. 可以实现常压下难以合成的化合物;
2. 可以合成难以通过固-固, 固-液反应合成的化合物;
3. 温度调节灵活, 可以直接调控晶体生长时所需的应力, 饱和度等参量, 进而影响晶体的生长速度.1. 产量较低;
2. 需要精准掌控输运剂的浓度和低沸点反应物的总量, 否则容易因为管内压强过大造成爆管;
3. 有些气相输运法需要通惰性气体或氢气, 操作复杂, 有一定的危险;
4. 管壁会限制晶体生长方向, 与管壁接触的晶面呈曲面.适合生长反应物中沸点较低的化合物或其它难以通过固-固、固-液合成的化合物 -
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