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电磁吸波技术在军用和民用领域得到了广泛应用, 但传统吸波技术不能满足现代吸波材料新的需求, 基于超材料的吸波体具有结构简单、轻薄、吸收率高等优点, 并可以实现对电磁波的灵活调控, 使得电磁吸波领域获得了飞速发展. 本文针对电磁超材料吸波研究进行了综述, 首先介绍了电磁超材料吸波方法与机理, 指出了研究中遇到的瓶颈问题. 其次针对吸波关键技术难题分别从多频及宽频带吸波、极化和角度不敏感吸波、动态可调吸波三个方面介绍了目前. 尽管研究学者们在超材料吸波方向已做了很多工作, 仍面临着诸多问题和挑战. 为了更好地预示未来研究, 本文从高性能、多功能、新三维结构三个角度对超材料吸波体的研究方向进行了展望, 包括突破波长限制的低频超薄宽带超材料吸波体、能应对复杂环境的多功能集成超材料吸波体以及随3D打印技术而兴起的新型三维结构超材料吸波体. 最后结合超材料在隐身领域的应用进一步总结了超材料吸波应用研究的发展趋势.Electromagnetic absorbing technology can effectively suppress the radiation of electromagnetic waves, and has been widely used in military and civilian fields. However, traditional absorbing technology cannot meet the new requirements for modern absorbing materials. The advent of metamaterials provides a solution for this problem Metamaterial absorber has the advantages of simple structure, light weight, high absorption rate, and can realize the flexible control of electromagnetic waves, which has led the electromagnetic absorption research to rapidly develop. In this paper, the research and development of using metamaterials to absorb electromagnetic wave is reviewed. Firstly, the principle, implementation, and presently existing bottlenecks of electromagnetic wave absorption in using metamaterials are outlined. Secondly, recent progress of the aforementioned key issues in three aspects is introduced, including multi-band and broadband, polarization and angle independence, and dynamic tunability. Several typical methods of making metamaterial absorbers are illustrated here. Generally speaking, the prerequisite of broadband metamaterial absorbers is to provide multiple resonances that are close enough to each other. The structure with multiple rotationally symmetric geometry is helpful in achieving polarization- and angle-insensitive properties. The flexible control of absorption performance can be realized by introducing lumped elements such as resistances, capacitances, and diodes. In addition, by means of composite traditional materials or new materials and other methods the dynamic adjustment of the absorption performance can be achieved. Although researchers have done a lot of work on the metamaterial absorbers, there remain many problems and challenges. For the future design, several promising directions are suggested from three perspectives: high performance, multifunctionality, and new structures. In terms of high performance, it is still a challenge to achieve ultra-thin broadband metamaterial absorber for low-frequency which can break through the limitation of wavelength. Integrated multifunctional metamaterials can adapt to the increasingly complex application scenarios and should gradually become the focus of attention. Since three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has proved to be applicable to the preparation of complex metamaterial structures, the new 3D metamerial absorbers will bring more vitality to the development of metamaterials. Finally, as regards the application of metamaterials in stealth, the future development of metamaterial absorbers is further summarized.
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Keywords:
- metamaterial absorber/
- broadband/
- angle-independence
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方法 工作频率 相对带宽 吸收率 厚度 周期 结构 文献 平面排布 30.6—37.5 THz 20.26% ≥ 80% 0.041λL 10.8 µm “三明治” [61] 多层堆叠 24.8/25.5 THz N ≥ 90% 0.062λL 500 nm 多层结构 [62] 多层堆叠 7.8—14.7 GHz 61.33% ≥ 90% 0.130λL 11 mm 金字塔结构 [63] 集总元件 5.3—11.2 GHz 70.7% ≥ 90% 0.077λL 13.6 mm 单层结构 [68] 用电阻膜 7.0—27.5 GHz 118.8% ≥ 90% 0.093λL 5.5 mm “三明治” [69] 用电阻膜 2.0—18.5 GHz 160.97% N 0.082λL 11 mm 多层结构 [72] 基于SSPP 7.6—14.7 GHz 63.7% ≥ 90% 0.177λL 14 mm 非平面结构 [74] 混合方法 4.5—25.4 GHz 139.6% ≥ 80% 0.075λL 8.4 mm 多层结构 [76] 新型结构 9.05—11.4 GHz 23.0% ≥ 80% 0.060λL 5 mm 分形结构 [78] 注: 相对带宽指10 dB吸收带宽,λL为最低工作频率所对应的工作波长, N代表没有提及. 
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